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Learn Forex: What is Forex?

» What is Forex?

"Forex" stands for foreign exchange; it's also known as FX. In a forex trade, you buy one currency while simultaneously selling another - that is, you're exchanging the sold currency for the one you're buying. The foreign exchange market is an over-the-counter market.

Currencies trade in pairs, like the Euro-US Dollar (EUR/USD) or US Dollar / Japanese Yen (USD/JPY). Unlike stocks or futures, there's no centralized exchange for forex. All transactions happen via phone or electronic network.
Who trades currencies, and why?

Daily turnover in the world's currencies comes from two sources:

  • Foreign trade (5%). Companies buy and sell products in foreign countries, plus convert profits from foreign sales into domestic currency.

  • Speculation for profit (95%).

Most traders focus on the biggest, most liquid currency pairs. "The Majors" include US Dollar, Japanese Yen, Euro, British Pound, Swiss Franc, Canadian Dollar and Australian Dollar. In fact, more than 85% of daily forex trading happens in the major currency pairs.

The world's most traded market, trading 24 hours a day

With average daily turnover of US$3.2 trillion, forex is the most traded market in the world.
A true 24-hour market from Sunday 5 PM ET to Friday 5 PM ET, forex trading begins in Sydney, and moves around the globe as the business day begins, first to Tokyo, London, and New York.

Unlike other financial markets, investors can respond immediately to currency fluctuations, whenever they occur - day or night.

The foreign exchange market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world, representing more than $1.2 trillion worth of transactions each day. Also known as forex or FX, currency trading involves the simultaneous purchase of one currency while selling another currency. Currencies are traded in pairs, such as U.S. dollar/Japanese yen (USD/JPY) or Euro/U.S. dollar (EUR/USD).

The FX interbank market is a global network of the world’s banks with no centralized location for trading. Much of the business is conducted over the-phone or electronically bank-to-bank. The FX market is a 24-hour-per-day market during the FX business week. The day starts in Asia, extends over to Europe and then into the U.S. daytime trading hours. Currencies are traded around the world, around the clock, from Monday morning (Sunday afternoon Chicago/New York time) in New Zealand/Asia to the close of the business week on Friday afternoon in Chicago/New York.

Speculators are active in the FX markets, as they are attracted to the opportunities that volatile and changing market conditions create. A multitude of economic forces impact the world’s currencies. Some of the forces at work include interest rate differentials, domestic money supply growth, comparative rates of inflation, central bank intervention and political stability. In times of global uncertainty, some currencies may benefit from perceived “flight-to-safety” status. Or, if one country’s economic outlook is perceived as strong by market forces, its currency may be firmer than another country’s currency, where economic or political conditions are viewed with caution.

FX traders include governments, corporations and fund managers doing business with foreign countries, that need to exchange one currency for another, and speculators who seek to profit from price movements in the markets.

The highly liquid and volatile currency markets offer opportunities for speculators every day. Most speculators tend to focus on the so-called “majors,” which are the most actively traded currencies and include the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen, the British pound, the Swiss franc, the Australian dollar and the Canadian dollar.

Spot FX transactions are usually based on currency rates quoted for two-day settlement (U.S. dollar versus Canadian dollar is traded for one-day settlement), in order to transfer currency among the counterparties on the spot or value date. On the over-the-counter (OTC) market, FX traders also determine a forward exchange rate, such as for 30, 60 or 90 days in the future. A forward FX agreement specifies a currency exchange rate used for delivery at the stated time, or value date, in the future.

An exchange rate transaction is termed a cross rate when the home country currency is not a party in the trade. For example, for a trader in the U.S., a cross rate would be euro/yen, or the euro against the Japanese yen.

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